Archives of Respiratory Research

Introduction:
LRTIs are a common cause of death in both children and adults worldwide. It has significant burden on healthcare resources. These infections can be caused by a variety of microorganisms, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites. The diagnosis of LRTIs can be challenging, as the symptoms can be nonspecific and the underlying cause can be multifactorial. Bronchoscopy allows the identification and management of LRTIs by allowing for the collection of lower respiratory tract specimens for microbiological evaluation. Bronchoscopy can provide valuable information about the diagnosis and management of LRTIs, as it can provide valuable information about the underlying pathology and the causative organism. The aim of this study is to investigate 100 Broncho-alveolar lavages in LRTI patients, with a focus on Broncho-alveolar lavage Acid Fast Bacilli smear and gram stain culture sensitivity.
Methods:
This study retrospectively analysed the microbiological profile of 100 patients with suspected LRTIs who underwent bronchoscopy at our institution.
Results:
Out of the 100 patients included in the study, 59 underwent AFB smear evaluation for mycobacterium tuberculosis. Out of 59 patients, 40 patients tested negative for tuberculosis, while 19 patients were positive.
Out of 100 patients, 39 had no organisms grow in their BAL fluid culture, indicating that their pneumonia may have been caused by non-infectious factors such as aspiration or other non-infectious causes. However, 43 patients had positive cultures, with Klebsiella and pseudomonas being the most common bacterial species identified. Fungal culture evaluation was performed in 17 patients, and only one patient was positive for aspergillus. Biopsy specimens were collected in 16 patients, with squamous cell carcinoma being the most common finding. This suggests that some cases of pneumonia may be caused by underlying malignancies, which may have been missed by other diagnostic methods.
Conclusion:
In conclusion, the results of this study indicate that bronchoscopy is a valuable diagnostic tool for evaluating lower respiratory tract infections. The study also highlights the prevalence of tuberculosis and bacterial species. Furthermore, the study suggests that some cases of pneumonia may be caused by non-infectious factors such as aspiration, as well as underlying malignancies such as squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma. These findings highlight the importance of a comprehensive diagnostic approach to identify the underlying cause of pneumonia and guide appropriate treatment.

In the present era a tremendous increase in industries is found which directly linked to raising human population and their associated needs. This industrial revolution brings changes in human life on one hand and have negative impacts on the human life on other hand as these industries are source of tons of wastes that released into the atmosphere. Emissions includes particulate matters (aflatoxins, endotoxins and dust), heavy metals (Cr, Cd, Pb, Hg and Ni), gases (NH3, SO2, NOx, H2S and CO), and volatile organic compounds.

The current review study emphasized on emissions from four major industries such as poultry, leather, brick kiln and paint industry and its influence on worker’s health. It is well known the emissions produced significant negative impact on the respiratory system of the workers particularly those which are continuously exposed to particulate enriched environments. The emissions can cause bronchopulmonary aspergillosis, chronic bronchitis and coal workers’ pneumoconiosis.

The acute and chronic symptoms also depend on time and duration of exposure and concentration of emissions. It is reported in literature studies most of the respiratory issues are due to lack of proper precaution measures, awareness and personal protective equipment’s in these industries. So, there is need to highlight these industries related problems to create general awareness among people and to aware regulatory bodies so that they bring strictness on the use of proper personal equipment and to control the impacts of industrial emissions on the lungs of the workers.

For most people on our planet, the beginning of the current COVID-19 pandemic was a complete surprise and looks like a sudden disaster. However, experts do not have the right to argue in this way, since the cause of this disaster has long been known to medicine. Moreover, similar epidemics of this infection have already been observed in the recent past, had a very similar scenario, but with less coverage of the population and territories. The identity of the causative agent of today’s pandemic with the two previous outbreaks, SARS in 2002-2004 and MERS in 2012-2013, is even reflected in the terminology-CoV, CoV-1 and CoV-2 [1].